[Bldg-sim] thermal loads in factories?

[Varkie C Thomas]

My limited experience in this field is that factory production areas use spot cooling with fan coil units directed at the worker�s station only.  Worker productivity matters.  Ducted exhaust registers could be next to each heat generating machine.  There might be ventilation standards depending on pollutants from the industrial process.  It is not realistic or practical to offset the large heat gains from machinery with refrigeration.  In areas with cold winters the whole factory must be maintained above freezing temperatures to prevent broken pipes.  

Factory processes (industrial buildings) vary considerably and a standard for all industrial buildings is not practical.  It is in the interest of the factory to be as efficient as possible in all aspects because they are competing with other factories manufacturing the same product.  This is not the case with residential and commercial buildings and so they need energy usage standards.  For such buildings, equipment loads have to be the same for baseline and proposed.  The greater the equipment loads, the smaller the percentage energy savings for LEED credit.  Meeting codes and standards is not affected by percentages.  Credit is earned for reusing equipment heat gains to save energy with other heating tasks.


----- Original Message -----
From: "Dr. Dirk A. Schwede" <dirk.schwede at energydesign-asia.com>
Date: Sunday, December 6, 2009 2:51 am
Subject: Re: [Bldg-sim] thermal loads in factories?

> Dear Mr. Dirkes,
> 
> Thank you for your answer.- Most of what you write is in line with our
> experience in manufacturing projects.- If you don't know what will 
> happen in
> the building, it is difficult to decide for a load as design 
> condition. In
> our experience the client and other project participants overestimate
> internal loads based on installed electric capacities, which are 
> not, as
> know we know as building performance engineers, the same as the 
> thermalloads. - So, we are looking for substantiated experience 
> values to set the
> yyyW/m2 value somewhat realistic and to give our client confidence 
> that the
> design will meet the demand of most of his later tenants.
> 
> "The cooling system is capable of maintaining xxC in the space on 
> a design
> day with yyyW / m2 of internal loads.  The customer is responsible
> for providing additional cooling capacity for internal loads 
> higher than
> this."
> 
> I have found some load profiles for industry buildings in the 
> draft of the
> GBCA (GB Council of Australia) for Industry Buildings
> (http://www.gbca.org.au/green-star/rating-tools/green-star-
> industrial-pilot/
> 1761.htm), but it would be good to find more information. 
> 
> Best Regards,
> Dirk Schwede
> 
> Dr. Dirk A. Schwede (PhD, USyd. AUS)
> Managing Director, Associate
> energydesign stuttgart - Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH + energydesign 
> (Shanghai)Co.,Ltd.
> 
> web  	www.energydesign-asia.com
> mobile	+86-13918600450
> phone    	+86-21-659791-41/-40
> 
> -----Original Message-----
> From: James V Dirkes II, PE [mailto:jvd2pe at tds.net] 
> Sent: Saturday, December 05, 2009 10:54 PM
> To: dirk.schwede at energydesign-asia.com; bldg-sim at lists.onebuilding.org
> Subject: RE: [Bldg-sim] thermal loads in factories?
> 
> Dear Dr. Schwede,
> 
> In my opinion, there are several issues which affect your design 
> criteria:1) Manufacturing / process loads can easily exceed 500W / 
> m2.  It is
> certainly not practical to design a cooling system for this when 
> the actual
> load may be 5W / m2!
> 2) The actual value is rarely known by the client and is difficult to
> determine without measurement of a similar, existing installation. 
> A rough
> estimate can be obtained by dividing monthly usage by the 
> operating hours,
> but this method does not indicate peak loads, just average loads.
> 3) High electrical loads often affect only the cooling system and 
> many /
> most manufacturing occupancies do not provide cooling.  The 
> exception to
> this is when high amounts of ventilation air are required.
> 4) For "light production" loads, you may still find that the 
> cooling system
> size can vary dramatically.  Over-sized systems, of course, do not 
> performvery well for humidity control and may have shortened life 
> due to high
> cycling frequency at the low capacities.
> 
> With these in mind, I think that it is helpful for the designer to 
> statethat "The cooling system is capable of maintaining xxC in the 
> space on a
> design day with yyyW / m2 of internal loads.  The customer is 
> responsiblefor providing additional cooling capacity for internal 
> loads higher than
> this."  In the US, it is common to provide a very basic heating 
> system and
> no cooling system for this type of leased / rented industrial 
> facility.Office areas are provided with a simple cooling system.  
> Any additional
> capacity is provided by the customer when they lease the space.  
> This seems
> like a good approach for you!
> 
> p.s., Since this is a modeling forum, it's worth mentioning that 
> energy use
> in a manufacturing facility can easily be 95% manufacturing / 
> process loads
> and 5% envelope loads.  For buildings with high internal loads, it 
> can even
> be beneficial to have NO insulation, since you are trying to 
> reject heat all
> year.
> 
> The Building Performance Team
> James V. Dirkes II, P.E., LEED AP
> 1631 Acacia Drive NW
> Grand Rapids, MI 49504
> 616 450 8653
> 
> -----Original Message-----
> From: bldg-sim-bounces at lists.onebuilding.org
> [mailto:bldg-sim-bounces at lists.onebuilding.org] On Behalf Of Dr. 
> Dirk A.
> Schwede
> Sent: Saturday, December 05, 2009 1:19 AM
> To: bldg-sim at lists.onebuilding.org
> Subject: [Bldg-sim] thermal loads in factories?
> 
> Hi,
> 
> we are currently working on a factory tenement building project in 
> China.The building has flexible units (manufacturing, warehouse, 
> office space),
> which companies starting business in China can rent for light 
> production and
> storage.- So we don't know the exact occupancy yet and there is no 
> user, who
> can give us information of the intended function/occupancy in the 
> building.
> We are looking for realistic specific values for internal thermal 
> loads(process loads) for various manufacturing occupancies.- Best 
> would be with
> schedules.
> 
> Please let me know, if you have such values or if you know of relevant
> studies.- I would appreciate your help!
> 
> Best Regards,
> Dirk Schwede
> 
> Dr. Dirk A. Schwede (PhD, USyd. AUS)
> Managing Director, Associate
> energydesign stuttgart - Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH + energydesign 
> (Shanghai)Co.,Ltd.
> 
> web  	www.energydesign-asia.com
> mobile	+86-13918600450
> phone    	+86-21-659791-41/-40
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
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